Tumor Microenvironment by Constantinos Koumenis Lisa M. M. Coussens Amato Giaccia & Ester Hammond

Author:Constantinos Koumenis, Lisa M. M. Coussens, Amato Giaccia & Ester Hammond
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

9.2 Autophagy Modulators

Even though numerous reports have validated the role of autophagy as a potential therapeutic target for diseases [14], the role of autophagy in anticancer treatment is complex and may be dependent heavily on the tumor microenvironment [15]. On the one hand unfettered autophagy induced by specific anticancer agents can promote autophagic cell death in vitro. On the other hand, there is mounting evidence that in the context of an advanced cancer, intratumoral autophagy promotes growth and resistance of cancers [16]. Although a growing number of reports on the discovery of small-molecule autophagy modulators have been published, concern is raised that some of the hits in these screens modulate autophagy through off-target or indirect effects. Many new autophagy modulators appear to be effective only in cell culture systems but little is known about their safety or efficacy in preclinical and clinical uses. Given the complexity of interpreting the autophagy process, one should consider using multiple methods to discover more selective agents that can efficiently modulate autophagy either alone or in combination. At present, many autophagy modulating agents serve as a potential anticancer therapeutics and here is the partial list of widely used autophagic modulators (Table 9.1) and site of action in the autophagy pathway.Table 9.1List of compounds with known mechanism of autophagy modulation

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